Faust Essay - 1776 Words

The legend of Faust was a legend that occurred in the 1500’s in Europe. Over time, as the story was told and passed on through generations, many different ideas on what happened were brought up, but the main idea of the story is the same in most cases. One of the most interesting things about this legend is the fact that though this story is more than four hundred years old, it is still told in some contemporary films to this day. All though it is not always as direct as a deal with the actual devil, the same basis of the story can be seen in present day films. In one of the most successful movies of the year 2000, The Matrix, a Faustian theme is evident. The Matrix is a science fiction movie directed by the Wachowski brothers. The old†¦show more content†¦The movie goes on with high-tech stunts, graphics and visuals about a struggle between a chosen few humans that know about the matrix, and a group of human-like robots trying to keep the matrix secret. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Matrix is a variation of the legend of Faust because it deals with the same basic idea. There is a deal made in which someone tries to seek some sort of personal gain and the deal goes bad. The reason that this is a Faustian story is because it has all of the four basic elements needed. The Faust figure is Neo, the devil figure is Morphius, the temptation is the truth, and the price is his regular life and his perception of the real world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Faust figure in the Matrix is Neo. The Faust figure is the main character, the one who is the recipient of most of the action in the story, and the one who is tragedy stricken at the end. Neo made a choice to leave the real world and his perception of reality to learn of the truth. When he made that decision he basically sold his regular life just as Faust sold his soul. When Neo found out the truth about the world he did not want to believe it and he got angry and even though he did not die at the end, it is not always a positive thing to know too much about something when everyone else knows nothing about it. Other people would probably not believe him and some may even get angry just as he did if he tried to explain the truth to the world.Show MoreRelatedFaust: Positive or Negative Essay2070 Words   |  9 Pages Faust: Positive or Negative The Faust legend, as with other great legends, has many interpretations. In Goethe’s Faust: Part One, the protagonist’s character is questioned, and this uncertainty contributes to the number of interpretations the story has. It is unclear whether or not Faust is a positive or a negative figure. In the story, Faust gets pulled into a journey of deceit and sin. As long as Faust followed the Devil, he became closer to his own downfall. Alberto Destro argues that a moralRead More Historical References to Faust Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesHistorical References to Faust Faust I Prologue in Heaven  · The scene begins with the Three Archangels, Raphael, Gabriel, and Michael, confessing their inability to comprehend the awe-inspiring works of God.In the Christian tradition, archangels are angels of the highest rank and are associated with certain functions or responsibilities.In â€Å"Prologue in Heaven,† they personify the cosmos: Raphael describes and represents the heavens, Gabriel the earth, and Michael the elements.  ·Read MoreAnalysis Of Goethe s Faust 1410 Words   |  6 Pagesthe catastrophic play, Goethe’s Faust, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe is a product of German literature and is said to be one of the greatest Western literature epic poems in history. This play comes from legends that have been spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century. Many individuals affirm that the main character Faust really existed but this play is still fictional. Faust was an alchemist and was a living magician. In other fictional works of art, Faust has sold his soul to the devilRead MoreFaust: Tragedy of the Innocence Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pages In Faust, a two-part play written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, depicts human tragedy through the character of Margaret. The protagonist, Faust, loves and then later destroys Margarets life, with the help of Mephistopheles. Mephistopheles is one the seven archangels cast out of heaven. Margaret, who is also known as Gretchen in the play, is a small-town girl with realistic characteristics. She is a simple and modest girl who lives with her mother, and is from the lower class. Margaret has simpleRead MoreThe Role of Gretchen in Goethe ´s Faust805 Words   |  4 PagesIn Goethes Faust the two main characters are seen as male figures, one being indeterminable. Despite this books blatant masculine centric view the book could easily be used by modern Feminist as a feminist view of Goethes society. As for the novel being used by the feminist movement, their purpose would be to show how women were/ are seen versus how they truly are. Generations of readers and critics of Faust I have seen Gretchen as a sign of selfless, idealized femininity, who will ultimatelyRead MoreRole of Religion in Dr. Faust Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesRole of Religion in Dr. Faust Dr. Faust is a legend from the sixteenth century that tells the tale of a man that sells his sole to the devil for non-human powers. This legend is influenced by the time that it was written. During the sixteenth century religion had a large role on the society. It had affected everything from Government to everyday life for people. This story was set in the area of Europe. Which had a heavily religious influence. The Faust legend employs the notion of black magicRead MoreThe Beauty of the Verse in Goethes Faust1568 Words   |  6 PagesTranslation Variance Goethe’s Faust, written in loose poetic verse, is a classic work delving into the concepts of loss and redemption and human nature. Goethe’s elegant diction and obvious mastery of the manipulation of language bring to light the story of a man struggling with his humanity. His unassuming approach makes the tale seem inspiring rather than didactic. Translators across the globe fail to understand the true intentions of Goethe’s work—they desperately cling to the rhyme scheme ofRead MoreFaust And The Devil s Tug Of War870 Words   |  4 Pages2016 World Literature II Faust and the Devil’s Tug of War Published in 1775, Goethe’s literary work Faust exemplifies individualism, emotionalism, and nature in the protagonist’s gradual escape from extreme rationalism in his life, only to realize that emotion and nature culminate reason. Beginning in the late 17th century, Romanticism was connected with politics to portray people’s fears, aspirations, and emotions (Brians). In the beginning of the literary work, Faust tells Mephistopheles, theRead MoreChristian Tradition and Non-Christian Tradition are Two Magical Traditions in Marlowes Faust1535 Words   |  6 PagesMany have heard of Faust in one way or another. A â€Å"Faustian Bargain† is one where an agent trades away the future for a boon in power during the present. I will be exploring at least two magical traditions in Marlowe’s Faust: the Christian tradition and the non-Christian tradition. Not many stories captivate readers like Marlowe’s Faust can captivate. It’s the classic story of a man who risks hellfire by dealing with the devil for a brief, yet magnificent, period of otherworldly knowledge and powerRead MoreAnalysis Of Faust s Faust 885 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Goethe’s Faust, Gretchen is a young and innocent girl and the title character’s love interest. Despite not being introduced until the middle point of the first part of this tragedy, Gretchen’s role has a great impact on the story and she becomes the reason for almost everything Faust does in the remainder of the play. â€Å"QUOTE† After first meeting her on the street, Faust quickly falls for the simple and innocent girl. However, Faust’s love is fleeting while Gretchen’s feelings for him are permanent

Work and Play Free Essays

The perfect balance between work and play – working hard and getting all the necessary assignments finished, and then being able to come home and still have time to enjoy life. If someone is letting themselves be consumed with work and it is all they can think about, they are forgetting what life is really all about. In society today, people need to become more aware that life is short lived, and we must get the most out of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Work and Play or any similar topic only for you Order Now That means, when a person isn’t at work, they shouldn’t be working; they should be doing something that they enjoy. In my future, I see myself going into the military field of work, and with the military come a lot of traveling and adventure. Often, I will be living in places that I may have never even heard of. Also, I will experience things that many other people would never even dream of doing. The characteristics I for-see of my future work are as follows – focus, organization, and completed work. I understand that if I want my life at home to be successful, I must first have a successful work life. Using these characteristics, I will be able to make sure that my work life does not interfere with my life at home. By focusing, the quality of my work will be at it’s absolute highest; I will not become distracted by events happening at home or even in the world because I know I must focus on my work or else it will not meet the necessary standards. Also, by keeping organized I will avoid many potential stressful moments. I will always know what it is I must get done for that particular day, and I will always know where the things I need are to complete those assignments. If I fell into the trap of becoming unorganized, I would most likely become too stressed out to enjoy my home life even the least bit. As well as staying organized I will always leave my work place with all of my assignments or tasks completely finished. By making sure of this, I will never have to worry about work when I am at home. Not only that, but I will be creating a less stressful environment for my employer as well because he will know that he can always depend on me to get my job done. If I manage to complete all of my work at the workplace, I should never run into problems with my work interfering with home life. Out side of work, one must find something to occupy their time in order to maintain the balance between work and play. Things such as relaxing, extracurricular activities, hanging out with friends, and visiting with family members are all good ways of maintaining that balance. In my future I imagine that the things I choose to do when I am not working are going to be very vital for me if I want to keep my life as stress free as possible. Watching TV and resting are going to be very important ways of â€Å"winding down† for me, without being able to relax every once in a while my work would start to lack quality because I would become bored of it due to restless working. Another characteristic of my â€Å"play† life would be sports and hobbies; these two things are extremely important in my life because without them I would basically have nothing to do. By keeping myself active in sports I am able to live a healthy lifestyle, which can also positively affect my work life. Hobbies, on the other hand, can be a great way to find out something new about myself, and meet new people with similar interests. Next on my list would have to be hanging out with my friends and visiting with my family. People now-a-days must make sure that they find time for their family and friends, because if a person neglects a relationship with someone they can lose that friend or family member very quickly. Too often people become consumed with their work, and completely forget about their friends and family, because they are too busy to ever hang out with them. Although I see my life in the future being tremendous and stress free for the most part, I am slightly concerned about a few things. How to cite Work and Play, Papers

Administrative Theories and Management Thought †Assignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Administrative Theories and Management Thought. Answer: Introduction: To implement the new proposed system there is some activity that needs to be fulfilled while keeping in mind the process and time it would take. There is also suggested number of staff needed to implement the new administrative system. The list of activity that is there needs to be implemented in the new administrative system (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). This process is outlined in the Gantt chart attached with the document. The initiation comes from the list of sufficient details from the cabinet and judgement about whether the process needs to be parallel or in series needs to be determined (Schwalbe 2015). There also needs to be slight window to involve the risk calculation in the process. The major plan needs seven of the highlighted implementation process discussed in the following text. Consultation process , Clearly, articulating and being succinct by the experts in this process should be in the early stages of this plan. Implementing manual to digital record keeping system (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016) Increase staff participation in changing the process Implement system in accordance with organisation legislative requirements Communicate the system procedure to the staff Provide training and support to increase the usage of modified system Deal with the contingencies and ensure minimal adverse effect in the new administrative system. An outline of the method of implementation that has been applied. The implementation plan adopted for the administrative system is parallel. This process is costly and needs more than the number of workers that are involved in the process(Schwalbe 2015). The outline of the implementation process is given above the number of task or activity that is given in the Gantt chart under the outline is discussed below. Parallel and phased rollout adoption in this process the old and the new system is analysed simultaneously. The risk in planning and implementation is less than other systems. The crashworthiness and security is processed in this step and verified in the manner of order. The fall back position is thoroughly accessible and problemscan be identified easily andtroubleshoot intime (Sapru 2013). The training, which is provided during the implementation of the modified system, which is also an advantage of this particular parallel process. The key stakeholders involved in the process can be done in the daily activities (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). The systemleavessome space to change the organisational culture and leaves for organisational development. The development strategy would need to incorporate the programs that would encourage the staff that will go through the change. More participation is required for the implementation process to work. This selected parallel can be combine d with the big bang process too, at later level of the process (Rummler and Brache 2012). However, the pre implementation process is for the people to prevent precaution and pronounce difficulties. Phase rollout is the modules and business units to gather the fall back of the system. For this system, I have chosen the parallel and phased rollout implementation combined. Here the stakeholders are of four categories that come under the change process. Old hogs - the people who are in the company for more than 10 years and are the ones who will be more resisting towards change. The reason of their resistance will be their mindset, which will need to be change through behavioural support and making them understand of the benefits of the new administrative system (Rummler and Brache 2012). They will be only the one who will have a tendency to fall back to old procedures. Example, the people from finances who are addicted to the old procedures. Settlers these who are reluctant to any kind of change in the finance or payroll system. These people are the ones who will do nothing to take initiative in the new process nor create any difficulties. Pioneers pioneers will be the ones who will easily attach themselves with the process. The are the ones who will positively influence other staff to embrace the process. Well piosoners - the will be the one who will look for setbacks in the new systems and will point out the negatives at every stage of the process Equipment for this process will be sourced through the suppliers and contractors. Hardware system and DBA setup, commercial deliveries needed for new system implementation. Consultation you will conduct during the implementation process. This process will start at the stage of taking the interview of the staff that is essential for this process. During the implementation process, the monitoring should be done at the same time. The monitoring process will include the following steps. Small group survey and interview - the small group survey of consultation is proposed method before phase rollout fully. The exchange of information and dissemination of information is also part of the process of this survey. Interviewing the candidate for this function is part of planning. Establish hierarchy in communication- the hierarchy will include the evaluation process and needs to be full proof. The team members of the project need to have a summit of the Establish communication in the management/service provider/team members/employee in this process the confidence of the stakeholders needs to high to make them accommodate the problem notification and organisation. This will ensure the difficulties and risks remains low (Sapru 2013). Establish direct communication with the system administrator this will ensure the help desk for the employees is always available to process through the new administrator. Implementation strategies should be published among the common access the common accessibility of the process through the implementation needs to available 24/7 for the staff Applying supplementary training the vestibule training where the risks and different outcome of the process is less can be done in the proposed training program. Publishing training plan for the staff is also needed. The intelligent experts group - the IT helpline of the process and feedback communication on blog needs to be available for the staff and also reliable An outline of the proposed training for existing and proposed staff Implementing the training program can be done in physically using the part and equipments or by the equipment online tutoring plan. This training and reporting program will include project team or initial user implement team online installation guide (Shelk, Sontakke and Gawande 2012). Making the staff see the demos of the new system and prospective usage of the system. Reviewing the manual of the target system and investigating the new system feedback. The feedback on the system is known to be streaming of the report required of the target system. The blue print of the training plan and usage list of users , technical and non technical staff, appropriate training classes will also be needed in the office premise or place to be rented. The manual read system incorporation will help the employee in the initial stages. The demos are to be learned functionally. Developing the training plan will require resource of attendees list and sources. The training guide format needs to be ensured in the user-training program. Supplying the system map and applying the administrative standards is the reporting sections work. Developing ad hoc report senses enhance the analysers capability to increase the testing assurance. Developing user training materials and reference materials in all stages and an updated online help panels is part of the monitoring and training process. Implementing established IT help desk and help blog in the Integrated finance management information system and forum of expert communication is the beginning of a new generation production environment (Christiansen, T. and Dobbels, M., 2013). Continuing with the employee quality and assurance training is also part of the training of project management program. Q A management and IT help desk-featured report writing standards ate ad hoc process (Sykes, Venkatesh and Johnson 2014). Risks after assessment Lack of system knowledge in the area Resistance of the old hogs change management Delivery delays Escalated cost during practical implementation process and reduction in the initial proposed investments(Trondal and Peters 2013) Inability transfer the historical data to the new financial and payroll system Functions that are not able to deliver system requirement, software failures and lack of IT expertise in the needed field (Sykes, Venkatesh and Johnson 2014) Incompatible staff and inappropriate usage of the office resource Insufficient capacity of the current running system and system shut down (Padhy, Patra and Satapathy 2012) Overseen areas where notification is needed in the problems and inaccurate user profile upgraded These are the assessed risk that can occur while implementation process. There should be some backup plan that can ensure the smooth transition of the new process. Incorporation of the security requirements and justification of the plan, budget, negotiating before finalising the contract will be precautionary step to perfect implementation (Cutler, Wikler and Basch 2012). The review of the system screens and establishing the project plan and budget, consulting with the company that are already operating in the new system can prove to be helpful. The conduction of the status and steering committee meetings will take at least one month in the new process transition. Developing the security audit and control is also precautionary step to risk elimination (Kuhlmann and Wollmann 2014). The post implementation stage is important to monitor for the unique vulnerabilities that threatens the project directly and system review, support and maintenance work should be parallel done (Shelk, Sonta kke and Gawande 2012). An outline of the contingencies to mitigate the risks Before the contingency plan framework is done the risk assessment is done while implementing the new process. Identifying the risk that significantly harms the process is essential (Shelk, Sontakke and Gawande 2012). Key risk identification is done through the process following below. Lack of knowledge will be mitigated by IT help and solutions, hiring expertises and knowledge pool for the company Backup of the historical data will be kept and different issues like delivery delays, functional issues will be handled after occurrence with care The deliverance method chosen in the new implementation process and transmitted risk taken place while processing and dissemination of planning by the project manager (Hanf and Toonen 2012). changing the current circumstances and new development plan after considering the change additional refinement of project planning and working backwards considering the risk changing to the capacity of the project platform (Trondal and Peters 2013) Discussions or negotiations with stakeholders like the employee, that are getting restless after rolling out the changed system (Hanf and Toonen 2012). Any current issues and any known constraints, assumptions or conflicts that may affect the program will also be identified and supported by the company to help meet the goals. Departments and agencies should make certain that risks to achieve the target policy conclusion as well as risks to the successful implementation of the initiative are identified separately. This point links back to the two elements of success to be evaluated in the plan (Hanf and Toonen 2012). the success of the implementation process and the success of the overall measure in terms of the outcomes or impacts aimed for. There are some challenges involved in incorporation of new administrative system including the new financial and payroll management system (Cutler, Wikler and Basch 2012). For monitoring the strategies and evaluate in every step it should needs certain key areas that can be effective in outcome. For effective monitoring and evaluation process of the organisation objectives, vision, mission, values needs to be clarified (Geraldi and Lechter 2012). This will include the following process. Linking the key activities and the resources to their objectives is essential in the initial stage (Sykes, Venkatesh and Johnson 2014). Translating the performance indicators according to the set targets are also part of the project effectiveness. For example, Key performing activity measures in the business process is by Average process overdue time, average time to complete task, sum of deviation of time against planned schedule of active process, percentage of service level agreement(SLA), MTBF(mean time between failure), service quality for cycle time, number of escalation, alerts, rewards. Collecting the new data in the new system while evaluating the charts, tables are needed to be incorporated to the new target set (Kuhlmann and Wollmann 2014). Reporting and analysed actual results and alerting the right authority to of the reviewed problems is also important part of the process. Comparing the historical data to the new data incompatibility and exploring and combining different options for unintended problems should be recorded as potential part of the process that needs to be recognized (Shelk, Sontakke and Gawande 2012). Providing lessons on new IT systems and payroll systems based on internal review and highlighting significant accomplishments can encourage the staff to e comfortable with the new system. Recommending based on the improvement is also part of descriptive intervention. Training for existing and future staff Insufficient capacity of the current running system can only be resolves by training and development program conducted by the skilled professionals. The following is the outline of the plan (Torfing and Triantafillou 2013) Organisation heath and induction training the introduction to job duties and policies and procedures needs to effectively communicate to the employees and general job work and online demos will be helpful for that process (Heizer 2016). On-job training for duties self-directed study and IT helpline will ensure the on-job trainees mentoring process. The technology enabled and mentoring process, which will include the handbooks and video demos will also act as a functional program enabler (Sharp et al. 2012). The practical assessment of the training program while interview and discussion in the matter is effective. The training gaps in the interview can also be discussed in the process (Torfing and Triantafillou 2013) Complete training evaluation forms and availability of the budget needs to analysed and HR needs to take decision in the matter. The line management assessor of performance and fill gap training forms method can be applied in this stage (Popovi? 2012). Complete practical on-job training tests and review discussions, SOP manuals and training gaps can be subjected to resolve among the first year of the implementation process (He et al. 2012). Customer satisfaction The customers of a certain company come under the key stakeholders. Customers satisfaction is essential for a company to go through. For monitoring and evaluating the customers, satisfaction there cannot be any quantitative data or evaluation process can be applied (Sharp et al. 2012). This is can be done through customer satisfaction survey. This will also include ensuring the main objective of doing the customer survey by the interviewing and other survey method by in-app survey, email survey, customer satisfaction interview, net promoter score, customer effort score. Understanding expectation and attitude of the customer (Padhy, Patra and Satapathy 2012) Trends overtime to take action on timely basis Establishing the standards that will ensure the service or the product is assured of quality (Geraldi and Lechter 2012) Evaluating the success of the implementation The visible result of implementing the success is to schedule and project budgetary calculation. The cost saving and revenue increase is the measurable impact of the success, which is TCO and ROI calculation Tangible benefits of communication of the new planning of IFMIS and payroll systems Internal key indicators measuring as mentioned above Strategic advantage measurement after industry and competitors analysis Reference Camisn, C. and Villar-Lpez, A., 2014. Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal of business research,67(1), pp.2891-2902. Christiansen, T. and Dobbels, M., 2013. Non?Legislative Rule Making after the Lisbon Treaty: Implementing the New System of Comitology and Delegated Acts.European Law Journal,19(1), pp.42-56. Cutler, D., Wikler, E. and Basch, P., 2012. Reducing administrative costs and improving the health care system.New England Journal of Medicine,367(20), pp.1875-1878. Damanpour, F. and Aravind, D., 2012. Managerial innovation: Conceptions, processes, and antecedents.Management and Organization Review,8(2), pp.423-454. Geraldi, J. and Lechter, T., 2012. Gantt charts revisited: A critical analysis of its roots and implications to the management of projects today.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,5(4), pp.578-594. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M. and Davis, D. eds., 2013.Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Hanf, K.I. and Toonen, T.A. eds., 2012.Policy implementation in federal and unitary systems: questions of analysis and design(Vol. 23). Springer Science Business Media. He, G., Lu, Y., Mol, A.P. and Beckers, T., 2012. Changes and challenges: China's environmental management in transition.Environmental Development,3, pp.25-38. Heizer, J., 2016.Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Kuhlmann, S. and Wollmann, H., 2014.Introduction to comparative public administration: Administrative systems and reforms in Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Padhy, R.P., Patra, M.R. and Satapathy, S.C., 2012. Design and implementation of a cloud based rural healthcare information system model.Univers J Appl Comput Sci Technol,2(1), pp.149-157. Popovi?, A., Hackney, R., Coelho, P.S. and Jakli?, J., 2012. Towards business intelligence systems success: Effects of maturity and culture on analytical decision making.Decision Support Systems,54(1), pp.729-739. Pritchett, L., Woolcock, M. and Andrews, M., 2013. Looking like a state: techniques of persistent failure in state capability for implementation.The Journal of Development Studies,49(1), pp.1-18. Rummler, G.A. and Brache, A.P., 2012.Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. John Wiley Sons. Sapru, R.K., 2013.Administrative theories and management thought. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Sharp, N., Enzi, J., Fountoulakis, E., Lam, B. and Rabbior, M.C., International Business Machines Coporation, 2012.System and method for displaying gantt charts with other project management tools. U.S. Patent 8,245,153. Shelke, M.P.K., Sontakke, M.S. and Gawande, A.D., 2012. Intrusion detection system for cloud computing.International Journal of Scientific Technology Research,1(4), pp.67-71. Sykes, T.A., Venkatesh, V. and Johnson, J.L., 2014. Enterprise system implementation and employee job performance: Understanding the role of advice networks.MIS quarterly,38(1). Torfing, J. and Triantafillou, P., 2013. Whats in a name? Grasping new public governance as a political-administrative system.International Review of Public Administration,18(2), pp.9-25. Trondal, J. and Peters, B.G., 2013. The rise of European administrative space: Lessons learned.Journal of European Public Policy,20(2), pp.295-307.

Morrisons Beloved Community Essays - Beloved, Women And Death, Sethe

Morrison's "Beloved" Community After the abolishment of slavery, the black community became the core of African American culture and life. This was due in part by segregation and other socioeconomic factors, but also to the spiritual and social unity of each black member. This was well exemplified in the story, as each former slave underwent arduous struggles to affix the broken pieces of their lives and attempt to become independent members of the community in a time which did not allow them to accomplish such a feat. The black community played a major role in Beloved, especially with their interactions with Sethe. After Sethe's escape from slavery, she traveled to Cincinnati to reunite with her children and mother-in-law, Baby Suggs. She arrived at 124, a house constantly filled with people and happiness. Where not one but two pots simmered on the stove; where the lamp burned all night long. Strangers rested while their children tried on their shoes. Messages were left there, for whoever needed them was sure to stop in one day soon. (Morrison, 87) Sethe was enveloped with love and security, while Baby Suggs, the local spiritual leader, became the driving force in the community, gathering the people together to preach self love and respect. When warm weather came, Baby Suggs, holy, followed by every black man, woman and child who could make it through, took her great heart to the Clearing... (Morrison, 87) Toni Morrison's Beloved is a book about a community made up of individuals running away from their pasts. In meeting a few of those individuals and learning how and what they are running from, it becomes obvious that no one can deal successfully with the burden of past memories alone. Those who attempt to face their troubles alone wind up tiring out and giving up, as is demonstrated by Baby Suggs. Sethe and Paul D however, try to fight back the past only to realize it cannot be done alone. After doing so, they find that with the community or a loved one to encourage you to put some of your weight in their hands, (22) the present becomes tolerable and a future possible regardless of the past. Baby Suggs, a prominent figure in the community with an intolerable present and past, which helped her learn early on what it was like to be left alone, to deal with difficulties. When the community that had served as her strength withdrew its support, because they were angry and had taken offense to the uncalled-for-pride (137) Baby flaunted when her grandchildren and daughter-in-law were finally together, she no longer felt the support. As if the weakness Baby was suffering from their disapproval was not enough, the family was hit with another blow, when Sethe was imprisoned. As Sethe is being taken away by the sheriff, the community who was already looking unfavorably upon the family's pride, asked the questions: Was her head a bit too high? Her back a little too straight? (152). These questions foreshadowed how, as long as 124 continued to be prideful, the community would keep their support withdrawn from the family that lived within. As a result, Baby Suggs, Sethe and the rest o f the family was left to deal with their trials alone. Hence, Baby who at one time found her strength in the community, lost that sense of belonging, her strength then died leading to her giving up the fight. "Her past was like her present - intolerable, and since she knew death was anything but forgetfulness, she used the little energy left her for pondering colors. " (4) Without the community, Baby Suggs stopped looking towards a future and relinquished her fight to ponder color, an occupation that took no energy on her part and that she could accomplish without anyone's help. Similarly, Sethe was left to deal with her problems alone, rather than giving up however, she threw herself into keeping what she has left, and protecting her family from the past. To Sethe, the future was a matter of keeping the past at bay. The 'better life' she believed she and Denver were living was simply not that other one (42). Sethe's equation for a future meant subtracting or running away from the past at all

Religious Sexuality essays

Religious Sexuality essays This paper reviews the practice of female circumcision and its number of cultural reasons why it occurs, most importantly how does this religious ritual affect womens sexuality, and how female bodies are controlled by a male-dominated social order and the health impacts surrounding the psychology of female sexuality and the functioning of female sex organs. "When girls of my age were looking after the lambs, they would talk among themselves about their circumcision experiences. Every time the other girls talked about their infibulated genitals, I would feel ashamed I was not yet circumcised. Whenever I touched infibulated girls, they would tell me not to touch them since I was [still] "unclean."... One day I could not stand it anymore. I took a razor blade and went to an isolated place. I tied my clitoris with a thread, and while pulling at the thread with one hand I tried to cut part of my clitoris. When I felt the pain and saw the blood coming from the cut I stopped.... I was seven years old." (Abusharaf, 1998). The above account describes an overwhelming urge to conform to socially constructed symbols. Social labels in countries where circumcision is practiced are strong enough to cause a seven- year old to mutilate her-self. Where it is practiced, female circumcision is strongly promoted and closely safeguarded; it is regarded as an essential coming-of-age ritual that symbolizes virginity, cleanliness, fertility, and enhances the beauty of a woman's body. These are all symbols girls are taught to associate with circumcision at a very young age. Through interviews of various women found in articles, I hope to show how female circumcision is said to be symbolic as a rite of passage to womanhood, and in other cases a destruction of womens well being. The examples will reinforce the positive meanings associated with circumcision- purity, fertility, and womanhood. On the other hand showing how the consequences of not u...

Declutter Your Inbox in 5 Easy Steps

Declutter Your Inbox in 5 Easy Steps Is your inbox clogged with emails you just don’t have it in you to respond to? I’ll do that tomorrow, you think. And again the next day. And again. Until it’s lodged safely on the â€Å"previous† screen and all that’s left is the niggling sense of guilt that you didn’t do something you were supposed to do. Sound familiar?It might not be all your fault. So many emails these days are too long and too unclear. They’re harder to respond to because there’s no clear information or ask identifiable. But that’s someone else’s problem, you think. Right? Well, sort of.What if we all started paying more attention to making our emails shorter, clearer, and more succinct? Think of it as the email revolution. And part of that revolution involves taking these 5 steps to declutter your inbox.1. Cut it in halfThink before you write. What’s your general expected word count for this particular bit of correspondence? 250 words? Write it out, then see if you can cut it in half, by weeding out unnecessary words, equivocations, and superfluous details. Keep practicing this and eventually you’ll be able to half it before you start writing and save yourself the editing step.2. Think 5 sentences or bustThis won’t work in every situation, obviously. Discretion here is key. But, whenever possible, try to challenge yourself to send emails of 5  sentences- max.3. Pyramid itJournalists often use the pyramid technique when writing news stories. Put the most important information right up front, then the pleasantries and other sundries in decreasing order of importance down the page. That way you reader knows immediately what this email is about and what you need from them.4. Don’t get lazyDon’t think of shorter emails as an excuse to slack. We’re talking sharper, better emails- not just one-line, half-baked responses that will only frustrate your colleagues and your boss. Try to s ee whether you can solve the problem, finish the project, and make the email chain stop at your desk  through a bit of careful thinking.5. Clarity is keyOne of the best parts about this new email philosophy is that it will encourage you to ask for what you need and want- clearly, and without hedging bets or hemming and hawing around your questions. Make it easy for people to help you, or say yes to your proposal, or just correspond with you in the course of business. You’ll all be better off.

Should Arizona Keep Trying to Vote Sheriff Joe Arpaio Out of Office Research Paper

Should Arizona Keep Trying to Vote Sheriff Joe Arpaio Out of Office - Research Paper Example Economic arguments have sometimes been in favor of the immigrants such as the fact that they are a cheap labor source for the industries in Arizona City. On the other hand, the social impact arguments have mostly been negative particularly because the immigrants are often seen to be undermining national identity, taking up resources and jobs from the local city residents as well as causing other related problems such as congestion. Although some analysts argue that immigration workers are providing the much needed labor for the booming construction industry in Arizona, it is undeniable that they have also imposed both social and economic costs on the Arizona residents. The costs incurred by the health care systems in the entire Pinal County have significantly risen over the past few years and this is largely attributed to the rapidly rising immigrant population (Okie, 527). Another social that is related to the rising number of immigrants is the currently high level of drug trafficki ng in the City and its environs. Many researchers however believe most of the illegal Mexican immigrants are smuggling illegal drugs such as Marijuana across the Mexican border and this as also resulted in high levels of violence and crimes in the city. The high number of illegal immigrants has also resulted into an increased crime rate in the City of Arizona. This is particularly evidenced by the fact most of the state and federal prisons in the city have doubled up their spending in a bid to accommodate the rising number of criminals who are mostly illegal immigrants. Additionally the cultural conflict between the immigrants and the locals is now evident in several parts of Arizona. The ethnic tension between the Mostly Hispanic immigrants and the locals is growing. Most locals regard the immigrants as â€Å"illegal aliens† and believe

Eutrophication Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Eutrophication - Term Paper Example The Eutrophic waters favor quickly developing plants and algae's. These long living species cannot resist competition and develop into oligo or mesotrophic waters which make these waters of less interest in terms of biodiversity and ecological quality. Thus they die of indigestion. The process of eutrophication is clearly described by the following figure; The main cause of eutrophication is large input of nutrients to the water body and its effect is on imbalance of the food web which results in high levels of phytoplankton biomass in stratified water bodies. This can lead to algal blooms. The direct consequence is an excess of oxygen consumption near the bottom of the water body. Additional factors supporting this process are Along with carbon, oxygen and hydrogen which plants get from water they also need nitrogen and phosphorous which are necessary for the development of aquatic life thus during eutrophication the concentration of nutrients in the water changes, phosphorous is usually a limiting factor for phytoplankton in fresh water, large marine areas have nitrogen as limiting nutrient especially in summer. Intermediate areas such as river plumes are often phosphorous limited during spring. Once eutrophication is detected in the water body it is considered sensitive under the European Union Urban waste water treatment directives and is declared nitrate pollutant according to the Nitrate directive and is an indicator of disturbed ecosystem. A healthy ecosystem is the ecosystem that functions well and is able to resist or recover from disturbance. The organization of the ecosystem refers to the food web and the biodiversity; ecosystem resistance is the non-response, up to a certain extent, of impacts such as nutrient enrichments. The ecosystem elasticity refers to the ecosystem ability to survive through the applied pressures. Although all these ecosystem characteristics contribute to the ecosystem health and integrity, they induce a non-linear response to the ecosystem which complicates the quantification of the assessment. The initial effects from eutrophication are negligible as they are below the carrying capacity: any measurable effects are less pronounced than seas onal fluctuations and therefore, any assessment seems to be uncertain. As the phenomenon of eutrophication is getting established, changes in mean nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations as well as changes in the community structure become obvious. This stage can be the early warning for the ecosystem quality. Causes Human activities are main cause of eutrophication all around the

Regeneration and Keseys Essay Example for Free

Regeneration and Keseys Essay However, McMurphy was only able to defeat the nurse from what he learned when she defeated him in his bid to change the television schedule. Cheswick shows his hand higher and glares around. Scanlon shakes his head, and then raises his hand, keeping his elbow on the arm of the chair. And nobody else. McMurphy cant say a word. In this defeat, McMurphy learns that he must convince the patients of an idea before being faced with the nurse; otherwise, the patients become frightened of her and lose their nerve. Once again, McMurphy attempted to change the TV schedule, but failed again due to technicalities such as the vote of the chronic patients, and the fact that the meeting had ended before McMurphy was able to get the majority vote so the motion was not carried. This incident formed a bond between the patients against the hospital staff, and they had gained an important ally in Dr Spivey, an unwary double agent. However, In Regeneration the patients of Craiglockhart do not treat staff as if they were afraid of them. The doctors and nurses of Craiglockhart are less authoritative and are lenient with the rules of conduct. One of the VADs tugged at it. Theres room for two in there, she said, smiling, coaxing. Have I to get in with you? . The patients treat doctors with respect and are friendly towards other patients, however at times the patients appear to fear treatment. Theres no area of analgesia, Rivers said to Sister Rogers. Prior snatched up the pad. IF THAT MEANS IT HURT YES IT DID. On the other hand, in One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest the patients treat nurse Ratched with minimal respect and some of the patients are very unprofessional in what they say and do to her and the other student nurses. It can be said that Craiglockhart is more civilised as a hospital, and nurse Ratcheds ward can be compared to a high school classroom where the patients are conspiring as to how they can defeat the nurse, similar to the way students may act together to outwit a teacher. Nurse Ratched constantly undermines her patients in front of one another to make them feel inadequate; almost emasculating them. Right at your balls. No, that nurse aint some kinda monster chicken, buddy, what she is, is a ball-cutter. On the other hand, Rivers sees his patients as his equals and treats them with high regard, even though Rivers himself is more intelligent and qualified than almost all of the patients that he treats. Patients in Ratcheds ward also resent the ward itself and its confines, and wish they could escape the dreariness of it all. The irony of this is that most of the patients who complain are not committed and are only in the hospital voluntarily, so they could walk out of the door at a moments notice; however, the patients are unable to do this due to nurse Ratched making them feel inadequate and therefore unfit for society. When McMurphy discovers that it is the Nurse who decides how long a patient spends on the ward, he is beside himself with anger, directed mainly at the other acute patients for egging him along against the nurse, when all the while they knew that it would only get him committed for a longer period. Conversely, we are given the impression that all the patients at Craiglockhart are committed, however they all have the freedom to roam most of the institution and the outdoor facilities such as the golf course Prior watched the amber lights winking in his beer. He was sitting in the shadowy corner of a pub in some sleazy district of Edinburgh. The patients are allowed to leave the hospital premises and are trusted to be responsible enough to return. In One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest, patients are not even allowed to leave the premises without an accompanied pass. This is needed in order for McMurphy to take a group of the patients and Dr Spivey, one of the resident doctors of the hospital, on a fishing trip later in the novel. The fishing trip was organised by McMurphy for a number of reasons that could only possibly be contrived by a person of sound mind. The first of these reasons is to deliver a blow to the nurses control over the patients and to show them that they are in fact free to do what they wish. His other incentives were money, which he acquired from the remainder of the funds from patients used hire the boat, and also the chance to spend some time alone with a woman who would be accompanying the men on the boat, something that we can presume McMurphy has not been able to do for a while now. During the fishing trip, we are able to see the effect of nurse Ratcheds enfeeblement of the patients when they enter the garage to buy fuel. The mechanics at the garage are taken aback by the sight of patients from a psychiatric institution, and the awkward exchanges between the doctor and the mechanics only make things worse. It is at this moment when McMurphy comes to the rescue of the patients and confronts the workers at the garage. were every bloody one of us hot of the criminal-insane ward, on our way to San Quentin where they got better facilities to handle us. McMurphy lies and uses bravado to frighten the mechanics and empower the patients, who no longer feel as if they are the laughing stock of town and begin to order the workers around. This is an example of how mental illness is perceived in society at the time the book was set, and how the patients were able to overcome its stigma, if only for a short period. Their personal triumph was over once the patients had reached the fishing port and were confronted by sailors who took the opportunity to make suggestive jokes about the patients female companion, as they stood there helplessly, unable to defend her without the presence of McMurphy. In Regeneration, the reader encounters a similar stigma attached to mental illness. One particular case involves the character Prior, who is questioned about why he was not wearing his blue hospital badge. Prior retorts to Rivers question, stating that I wasnt wearing the badge because I was looking for a girl. Which as you may or may not know is not made easier by going around with a badge stuck on your chest saying I AM A LOONY. Prior assumes, perhaps from experience, that wearing his hospital badge would be a deterrent for women as nobody seems to jump at the opportunity to be involved with a mentally ill person. Another incident in involving the badge occurred with Sassoon when he went to the Conservative Club to meet Rivers. looking at the young man in uniform evoked, and then or perhaps he was being oversensitive? with a slight ambivalence, a growing doubt, as they worked out what the blue badge on his tunic meant. Once again, the reader is presented with a situation in which people change their opinions when faced with an outcast from society, someone who is irrational and is therefore supposed to be unacceptable to the general public. Near the end of Regeneration Barker introduces another psychiatrist called Dr Lewis Yealland. He is similar to Rivers in that Yealland is also highly respected and acclaimed on his work; however, the underlying difference between the two characters is in the way they treat their patients. Where Rivers would tend towards having a conversation with the patient to solve the problem, Yealland prefers to cast a dominating presence to the patient, neglecting their views and suggestions. No, Yealland said. The time for more electrical treatment has not yet come; if it had I should give it to you. Suggestions are not wanted from you, they are not needed. Yealland does not allow patients to express themselves as he feels that any self-diagnosis by a patient is a threat to his judgement, and this is intolerable in his treatment. Yealland can be compared to nurse Ratched, in that both the characters require dominance in a situation and superiority over those under their jurisdiction. Another difference between Rivers and Yealland would be that Rivers, as mentioned before, endeavours to resolve the problem that the patient is suffering from, thus curing the patient of his illness, whereas Yealland merely addresses the symptom arising from the illness and treats the patient to rid them of this. He eradicates the symptom, while this is only the tip of the figurative iceberg, and neglects the patients psychological problem, which caused the symptom in the first place. In the novel, Yealland serves a larger purpose as a metaphor for the control that the government exerts over citizens, indifferent towards the voices of individuals, for example, the voice of Siegfried Sassoon, which was ignored and discredited by the government in the same way Yealland ignores and discredits his patients views. Yealland provides the reader with a clear, yet cleverly concealed allegorical view of the novel where the same concept is repeated for a greater effect on the readers opinion of both the presentation of mental illness and the way it is treated, and also the governments approach to dealing with soldiers who cry out against the unjustness of war. Nearer the end of One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest, McMurphy throws a party one night for his farewell as he plans to break out of the ward and make his escape that night. The party is not sanctioned by the nurse who has no idea of its taking place, so McMurphy knows that he must leave otherwise he will be punished severely for his actions. On the night of the party McMurphy organises for a girl to come onto the ward and make love to Billy Bibbit, making him lose his virginity. McMurphys plan of escape fails and the nurse returns in the morning to find the atrocities that have taken place on her ward. She confronts Billy Bibbit about his actions, and he seems confident, however once the nurse threatens to informs Billys mother of his wrong doing Billy breaks down and pleads with her not to do so. Nuh! Nuh! His mouth was working. He shook his head, begging her. You d-dont n-n-need! Billy is so disturbed by the prospect of his mother finding out about his actions, that he takes his own life shortly after the nurse confirms that she will inform his mother. After this event, the ward changes dramatically. Patients who were not committed begin to leave; Sefelt, Frederickson, even Harding. McMurphy was taken away for a lobotomy, which succeeded in calming him down, but it did so to the point where he would not fit the description of a mentally ill patient, but more of a breathing corpse. The Chief cannot stand to look at this change in McMurphy so he resorts to suffocating him in order to put out his suffering once and for all. On doing so, the Chief escapes the ward by picking up the control panel in the tub room and throwing it through the window. This mirrors the event where McMurphy attempted to lift the control panel, the difference being that the Chief succeeded where McMurphy failed by learning from him. This event is a representation of the book as a whole, where one mans titanic struggle and failure managed to stimulate another mans will to live, and as one circle of life draws to a close, a new one begins. Emile Khan 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Ken Kesey section.

Essay --

Strengths Here at Admatch there has been very little turnover among employees. There are a total of 12 employees that work here in total, and out of that total 7 are full time employees, and 4 are part time. Out of the 7 full time employees 4 of them have worked for Admatch for at least 18 years. I have worked here at Admatch for a total of 8 years this part November of 2013. We here at Admatch have all the knowledge we need to know about all of the products that we sell. This is great because when our customers need to call us for a question they need answered they can usually ask for who they would like to speak with or they can talk to someone else they have spoken to a few times. Most of our customers have a favorite person they like to speak with when calling us here at Admatch. This also helps us to build customer relationships and loyalty all at the same time. It kind of reminds me of the television show â€Å"Cheers† theme song, â€Å"Where everybody knows your name.† Another great reason why having very little turnover among employees here at Admatch is because work can get done efficiently and effectively. We all know and understand how each other work, and we know what part each of us plays in the company. This helps us to build our relationship with each other to make working together much easier. We also get to have fun sometimes while working. It will be pretty tuff to do that with new employees who don’t yet understand the relationship we all have with each other. We also know the go to person for certain situations. What some people have as a weakness other people have as their strength. I know exactly who to go to for pricing help or with a customer service problem on an order. For some people you may think it is the same ... ...t for us to sell. When we do not fulfill those needs they tend to go elsewhere without taking a second look at all the other products that we can offer. Admatch has seen much of our business being lost to our competitors. When contacted by one of the employees in our sales team and asked why we have not seen any new business or repeat order, the answers Admatch gets are With inflation increasing at such a rapid rate, the price of materials to produce products have also increased. This is very tuff to for Admatch because that means prices have to rise. Admatch has had to raise their prices for the last 3 to 4 years at about 10% a year on all items that the company sells. While Admatch has held out for a long as possible in increasing prices, they soon began to realize they had no choice in the matter. Everything from paper to ink to overhead expenses has increased.

The Crisis Of Underperformance Education Essay

Education is considered as the most valuable tool for human edifice † ( Barineka Nbina, 2010 ) . Education nationally is recognized as the greatest investing in the state that can convey civilisation, development and socio-economic advancement. The twenty-first century is characterized by promotion in scientific discipline and engineering ( Okebukola, 1996 ) . â€Å" In his survey Barineka Nbina ( 2010 ) point out that every state is endeavoring to accomplish scientific and technological discovery with their environment. Therefore, the instruction of scientific discipline and engineering is going more demand and activity oriented than earlier † . Existing research suggest that Information and Communication Technology ICT has been integrated into capable instruction ( Hennessy et al, Granger et Al, Jamieson-Proctor et Al ) . The hapless criterion of scientific discipline in secondary schools nationally remains as a major issue. Badr ( 2010 ) reference that 70 per cent of 10,000 secondary school pupils that were surveyed in Egypt said that uninspiring learning discourage so to prosecute farther instruction in scientific discipline watercourse. â€Å" Teachers need to comprehend ICT as chiefly a tool for learning and larning across the course of study although there are foundations accomplishments in ICT that pupils need to larn before they can take part to the full in an ICT-rich schoolroom. † ( Tin, 2002 ) . ICT is an indispensable facet of everyone ‘s day-to-day life with about every sector recommending for the usage of ICT to carry through its undertakings. The bing research survey shows that the usage of ICT as a back uping tool in instruction is a precedence for about all states but advancement has been uneven. There is significant difference adulthood within and between schools within the state in footings of ICT. A really low per centum of schools have embedded ICT into the course of study, and show high degrees of successful and appropriate ICT usage to back up learning across the state. Reynolds e.tel ( 2003 ) in his findings revealed that several instructors reveal that ICT has surely raised criterio n and presentation of work, while many of the instructors from most schools still see ICT as uneffective and clip cachexia. Reynolds e.tal ( 2003 ) further reveals that these findings reveal that the attack of learning differs from school to school.3. Research Problem and Aims ( Required words 150 and Actual words 209 )Problem statementThe crisis of underperformance of our instruction and preparation system remains a major issue. The criterions of public presentation in our instruction system are really low. Although in 2010 the base on balls rate increased by 6.8 % to 67.5 % . , but there is still a concern with hapless public presentation in Science. Science larning requires skilled and specialist instructors who provide quality inputs in the schoolroom. Barineka Nbina ( 2010 ) found that every state is endeavoring to accomplish scientific and technological discovery with their environment. Therefore, the instruction of scientific discipline and engineering is going more demand an d activity oriented than earlier. Badr ( 2010 ) reference that 70 per cent of 10,000 secondary school pupils that were surveyed in Egypt said that uninspiring learning deter them to prosecute farther instruction in the scientific discipline. Possibly the hapless public presentation in Science is due to miss of instructor ‘s resources.PurposeThe purpose of this research is to look into the current resources used by instructors to learn, the effects that affects those resources and to better the academic competences and ICT acceptance in instruction of scientific discipline in secondary schools by planing an e-teaching intercession tool. This will give the consequences to enable those who would make good in the programme to be eligible for entry into a sheepskin programme in third instruction.4. Literature Review ( Required words 1000 and Actual words 1195 )Theoretical modelThis research will be grounded on Technological credence theoretical account ( TAM ) model and Task-techno logy tantrum ( TTF ) theoretical account. TAM construct specifies that â€Å" the causal relationships between system design characteristics, perceived usefulness the grade to which a individual believes that utilizing a peculiar system would heighten his or her occupation public presentation † ( Davis, 1989 ) , perceived easiness of usage â€Å" the grade to which a individual believes that utilizing a peculiar system would be free from attempt † ( Davis, 1989 ) , attitude toward utilizing, and existent use behavior ( Davis, 1989 ) . â€Å" TAM provides the overall enlightening representation of the mechanisms by which design picks influence user credence, and should hence be helpful in applied contexts for prediction and measuring user credence of information engineering † . TTF theory holds the theory that engineering will merely be used if its capablenesss are fiting to the demands of the undertaking to be performed and it ‘s more likely to hold a posi tive impact ( Goodhue and Thompson, 1995 ) . Technology that does non offer sufficient advantage it will non be used. The ground of uniting these two theoretical accounts is because it captures two different facets of user ‘s picks to use information and communicating engineering. Dishaw et Al ( 2002 ) indicate that â€Å" Both facets, attitude toward the IT ( TAM ) and rationally determined expected effects from utilizing the IT ( TTF ) , are likely to impact user ‘s picks to utilize IT. TAM will be used to look into on the factors that affect ICT tools acceptance by instructors for learning scientific discipline. TTF will be used to analyze the impact of ICT tools that are presently available to help instructors.Use of ICT in ClassroomsAl-Zaidiyeen et Al ( 2010 ) conducted a research in â€Å" Teachers ‘ Attitudes and Levels of Technology Use in Classrooms: † their findings revealed that the degree of ICT usage by rural secondary schools instructors is low, this implies that ICT are barely of all time used for educational intents by instructors in rural secondary schools. â€Å" Teachers are more likely to integrate ICT usage in their schoolroom if they see its relevancy to their direction and are convinced that the design of instruction package is compatible with educational ends and the single acquisition demands of pupils. † ( Al-Zaidiyeen et Al, 2010 )Use of ICT as medium for learning scientific disciplineYucel et Al ( 2010 ) in a survey of â€Å" Models to research Turkish instructors ICT integrating phases and the factors that affect ICT integrating † indicate that a batch of ICT integrating to instruction has failed because instructors were unsure about how ICT could be integrated into the course of study. Yucel ( 2010 ) indicate that in order for instructors to be able to utilize ICT they should be equipped with the necessary accomplishments and cognition. Flick and bell argues that although ICT is a buzzing word in this century but still â€Å" few instructors really do non understand how engineering is used in scientific dis cipline, nor can they adequately describe the relationship between scientific discipline and engineering. † Flick and Bell ( 2000 ) indicate that â€Å" If the intent of engineering in scientific discipline instruction is to heighten scientific discipline instruction and larning instead ( than for the engineering ‘s sake entirely ) , a different attack is necessary † . Flick and Bell ( 2000 ) further provinces that instructors should look at engineering as a manner of assisting pupils explore subjects in more deepness and in more synergistic ways. Bell and Flick reached these consequences by garnering thoughts from cognition of research, K-12 learning experience, and learning experience in scientific discipline instructor instruction with engineering.Teachers ‘ Knowledge and Attitudes towards ICT usageYucel et Al ( 2010 ) consequences revealed that there is no relationship between instructor ‘s negative attitude and instructors ‘ cognition on ICT . Yecul et Al ( 2010 ) reached these consequences by transporting out correlativity analysis between dependant and independent variables. Yucel et Al ( 2010 ) further indicate that â€Å" attempt seeking to better instructors ‘ attitudes is non likely to hold a direct impact unless their feeling of ego adequateness is improved † . Yecul et Al ( 2010 ) consequences contradict with Al-Zaidiyeen et Al ( 2010 ) consequences. Researchers globally believe that the usage of ICT tools for educational intents depends upon the attitudes of instructors toward the engineering ( Summers, 1990 ; Al-Zaidiyeen et Al, 2010 ) . Al-Zaidiyeen et Al ( 2010 ) reached the consequences by appraising indiscriminately selected 650 instructors in Jordan, in the usage of ICT, and the degree of attitude of instructors towards the usage of ICT.ICT Adoption betterment intercessionsTrainingAdeyinka et Al ( 2007 ) in the survey of an appraisal of secondary school instructor ‘s utilizations of ICT : deduction for farther development of ICT ‘s usage in Nigerian secondary schools suggests that in order for instructors to be technological progress, they need to go to ICT workshops.5. Research Methodology ( Required words 200 and Actual words 612 )This research will consist of 3 stage ‘s, each stage will lend in better shaping this survey. This survey will use instance survey and a descriptive study method to let the research worker a graphic description of how secondary school instructors are doing usage of ICTs.Phase 1: To analyze the current instruction intercession tools that are utilized in secondary schools for instructors to better Teach scientific disciplineA instance survey will be used in which an interview with KwaZulu natal secondary schools scientific discipline instructors will be conducted to analyze current methods of ICT ‘s that are utilized as support tool for them to learn scientific discipline better. Lone instructors from class 10,11and 12 w ill be interviewed. The interview inquiries will consist of both open-ended inquiries and close-ended inquiries. Examples of inquiries to be asked such as: 1. Which ICTs tool do instructors hold entree on? 2. What is the adequacy degree of the assorted facets of ICT availability/ entree in your school? Datas collected from these interviews will be used to better derive insight on the current ICT tools of learning scientific discipline that are used in secondary schools. This information will assist for theoretical coverage on current toolsPhase 2: To look into the factors that are impacting the use of those toolsA descriptive study method will be used, whereby class 10, 11 and 12 scientific discipline instructors will be handed a questionnaire in KwaZulu natal secondary schools to analyze the factors that are impacting the use of instructors back uping tool to learn scientific discipline better. The research variables for this stage are: instructors demographics, instructors ‘ perceptual experience about the sensed easiness of utilizing ICT, Teachers perceived utility of ICT, instructor ‘s old ages of experience, teacher ‘s cognition all these are independent variables, the dependant variable will be, Perceived usage of ICT by instructors to better Teach scientifi c discipline All points in collected information from the questionnaire will be subjected to a factor analysis spontaneously. A varimax rotary motion will be used to pull out factors. Likert type grading will besides be applied across all points. Stepwise arrested development techniques will be employed to explicate discrepancy the factors that are impacting the use of ICT scientific discipline instruction tools. Descriptive and illative statistics will besides be employed.Phase 3: To plan and prove an e-teaching intercession tool for helping instructors to learn scientific discipline betterOn the completion of the first two stages, the factors will be known. An appropriate intercession e-teaching tool will be designed and experimented with the purpose of measuring the effectivity it has on the instruction of scientific discipline in secondary schools. The experiment will affect five instructors from class 10 to 12 who will be selected from rural and urban schools in KwaZulu natal state of South Africa.

Triple Talaq

Triple Talaq, which is also, know as talaq-e-biddat (Instant divorce) and talaq-e-mughallazh (irrevocable divorce). This is a form of Islamic divorce, which is practiced by Muslims in India. Triple talaq allows any Muslim man to legally divorce his wife by stating the word (Talaq) three time in any form like oral, written or can be in electronic form. As women and society are getting educated Triple Talaq has become subject of controversy and debate. Because it is not only being violated by some of the men in society but is also has questioned on issues of justice, gender equality, human rights and secularism. This debate has involved Government of India and the supreme court of India. We live in country, which is constitution and gives right to every citizen to life freely. Every citizen of India has right to Equality, which is first one. Right to freedom where every citizen has right to speak and express themselves. Right against exploitation where every citizen has right to speak if they are exploited with something. Right to freedom of religion, India being multi religious and culture citizen has right to follow any culture they want. Equal and educational rights where citizen has right to get educated equally no matter from what cast gender or sex they belong to and know what's right and good for them and raise voice for the same. Last but not the least Right to constitutional remedies where every citizen has right to raise voice and take it Supreme Court for justice. And talking about this issue it is seen that amongst 6 of the rights that every citizen of India holds hardly any of them is practiced completely. And the victims of this is none another but MUSLIM women of the country. Talking about Islam In the words of prophet Mohammad,† Of all the lawful things, divorce is the most hated by Allah.† The fundamental issues is the by default right for talaq is only granted to man, it get mandatory for woman to make a clause in her marriage contract that even she can decide to end the marriage. Which is known as Talaq-e-Isma.But because of lack of knowledge or from pressure of her own family a woman cant do that, which give whole and soul power in the hands of her husband which is sometimes just taken for granted. Why can they not live the way they want? Why do the have to fear man they get married to and give them power to decide if they want marriage or not? Why should they suppress under them? When they have a bright future and this doesn't always mean not getting married, but even they can have power to decide, even they can grow and stand above or with men in the society. And the biggest question is HOW MANY WOMEN IN INDA ARE AWARE OF THEIR ISLAMIC RIGHTS? This has led man to by default have all the power and for women there are *terms and condition applied. ReferenceAishwarya Krishnan. 2018.  List of Fundamental Rights in Constitution of India: Supreme Court Rules Privacy as a Fundamental Right | Buzz News, India.com. [ONLINE] Available at:  https://www.india.com/buzz/list-of-fundamental-rights-in-constitution-of-india-supreme-court-rules-privacy-as-a-fundamental-right-2424171/. [Accessed 11 October 2018].Feminism In India. 2018.  A Woman-Friendly Nikah-Nama And Muslim Women's Right To Divorce | Feminism In India. [ONLINE] Available at:  https://feminisminindia.com/2017/04/27/nikah-nama-muslim-women-divorce/. [Accessed 11 October 2018]Feminism In India. 2018.  What Does The Quran Actually Say About Triple Talaq?. [ONLINE] Available at:  https://feminisminindia.com/2017/08/23/quran-triple-talaq/. [Accessed 11 October 2018].The different methods of Islamic separation – Part 2: The different types of Talaq. 2018.  The different methods of Islamic separation – Part 2: The different types of Talaq. [ONLINE] Availa ble at:  http://www.familylaw.co.uk/news_and_comment/the-different-methods-of-islamic-separation-part-2-the-different-types-of-talaq#.W78g7C9L2u4. [Accessed 11 October 2018].

The rise and fall of the famous Kommune 1

The rise and fall of the famous Kommune 1 Like in many other parts of the world, in Germany, the youths of the 60s seemed to be the first political generation. For many leftist activists, the generation of their parents was conventional and conservative. The Woodstock-like way of life that originated in the USA was a phenomenon in this era. Also, in the young West German republic, there was a wide movement of students and young academics who tried to break the rules of the so-called establishment. One of the biggest and best-known experiments in this time was the Kommune 1, the first German politically motivated commune.   The idea of establishing a commune with political issues first came up in the late 60s with the SDS, the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund, a socialist movement among students, and the Munich Subversive Action, a radical leftist group of activists. They discussed the ways to destroy the hated establishment. For them, the whole German society had been conservative and narrow-minded. Their ideas often appeared very radical and one-sided, just like the one they made about the concept of the commune. For the members of this group, the traditional nuclear family was the origin of fascism and, therefore, had to be destroyed. For those left activists, the nuclear family was seen as the smallest cellâ€Å" of the state where the oppression and the institutionalism originated. Besides, the dependence of men and women in one of those families would prevent both from developing themselves in a proper manner. The deduction of this theory was to establish a commune where everybody would only satisfy his or her own needs. The members should be interested in themselves and just live the way they like without any oppression. The group found a suitable apartment for their project: the author’s Hans Markus Enzensberger in Berlin Friedenau. Not all of those who helped to develop the idea moved in. Rudi Dutschke, for example, one of the best-known leftist activists in Germany, preferred to live with his girlfriend instead of really living out the idea of the Kommune 1. Whilst the famous progressive thinkers denied joining the project, nine men and women and one child moved there in 1967. To fulfill their dream of a life without any prejudices, they started with telling each other their biographies. Soon, one of them became something like a leader and patriarch and made the commune let down everything that would be a security like savings in money or food. Also, the idea of privacy and property was abolished in their commune. Everybody could do whatever he or she wanted as long as it happened among others. Besides all that, the first years of the Kommune 1 were very political and radical. Its members planned and made several political actions and acts of provocation in order to fight the state and the establishment. For example, they planned to throw pie and pudding at the vice president of the United States during his visit to West Berlin. Also, they appreciated the arson attacks in Belgium, which made them be more and more observed and even infiltrated by the German interior intelligence agency. Their special way of life was not only controversial among conservatives but also among leftist groups. The Kommune 1 was soon known for its very provocative and also egocentric actions and a hedonistic lifestyle. Also, many groupies came to the Kommune, which has moved inside of West Berlin many times. This soon also changed the commune itself and the way the members dealt with each other. While they were living in an abandoned fabric hall, they soon limited their actions to matters of sex, drugs, and more egocentrism. In particular, Rainer Langhans became famous for his open relationship with the model Uschi Obermaier. (Watch a documentary about them). Both sold their stories and photos to the German media and became iconic for free love. Nevertheless, they also had to witness how their housemates became more and more addicted to heroin and other drugs. Also, the tensions between the members became obvious. Some of the members were even kicked out of the commune. With the decline o f the idealistic way of living, the commune was raided by a gang of rockers. This was one of many steps that led to the end of this project in 1969. Besides all the radical ideas and egocentric manners, Kommune 1 is still idealized among some sectors of the German public. The idea of free love and an open-minded hippie lifestyle is still fascinating for many people. But after all these years, it seems that capitalism has just reached the former activists. Rainer Langhans, the iconic hippie, appeared on the TV show Ich bin ein Star – Holt mich hier raus in 2011. Nevertheless, the myth of Kommune 1 and its members still lives on.

Aos Belonging

In particular, the poems In the Folk Museum, and 10 Mary Street articulates his internal struggles during his teenage years. In David Malouf’s An Imaginary Life (1978), Ovid, a Roman poet during the height of Augustan Rome is indefinitely exiled to the â€Å"barbaric† lands of Tomis. Coming from a highly cultured and ‘civilised’ background, Ovid experiences alienation largely due to his prejudices of the â€Å"savage† tribe’s people. Throughout In the Folk Museum, Skrzynecki conveys an atmosphere of detachment from the relics inside the museum. Skrzynecki lists the relics in the museum; by using accumulation, â€Å"Hay knife, draining plough, shoulder yoke, box iron† Skrzynecki indicates the extent of his disengagement. Listing the objects evokes a monotonous tone and gives the sense that Skrzynecki sees them as lifeless objects â€Å"which isn’t [his]†. Moreover, the listing also depersonalises the objects reflecting a depersonalisation of his Australian heritage. In Skrzynecki’s 10 Mary Street, the â€Å"still too narrow bridge† is symbolic of his fractured identity which presents the greatest barrier to his sense of belonging. Every morning, Skrzynecki â€Å"hides the key (to the house)/ under a rusty bucket† before school. This action of hiding the key is metaphorical for him locking away his Polish identity before going to school. The use of anaphora â€Å"for nineteen years†, further emphasises the length of time has kep the two faction of his identity separate. On a superficial level, his sense of alienation is no more than a product of his Polish upbringing which isolates him from his surroundings. However, in The Folk Museum, a more nuanced cause of his ambivalence is portrayed in the poem. As Skrzynecki approaches the end of his tour, â€Å"the wind taps hurriedly on the roof and walls†. The use of pathetic fallacy â€Å"the wind† conveys a subconscious reluctance to recognise Australian heritage as part of his identity. Furthermore, as he leaves the museum â€Å"without wanting a final look†, the museum curator touches Skrzynecki hand, â€Å"the old woman’s hand/Touches mine†. The use of enjambment leaves a truncated â€Å"touches mine† thus emphasising a sudden realisation. Like a haunting thought, the woman’s hand reminds Skrzynecki that the museum, a metaphor for his Australian heritage can never be entirely dissociated with his identity. The curator’s hand is a parallel to the lone tree motif, a symbol of his Polish heritage, in Postcard which whispers â€Å"we will meet/before you die†. These techniques represent his internal conflict; he is not at peace with his identity and his sense of self is fractured. This internal conflict is what causes his inability to belong or associate with the museum and his Australian heritage. In Malouf’s, An Imaginary Life, the greatest challenge to Ovid’s sense of belonging is again his internal conflict with his identity. Exiled from Rome, the epicentre of the civilised world, he finds that his former identity as a Roman poet invalidated and meaningless as he feels alienated by the â€Å"savage† environment. The use of rhetorical questions, â€Å"Am I still known? †¦ Have I survived? † evokes thoughts on the meaning of his existence. Malouf uses Ovid’s first hunt in part one to demonstrate his internal conflict. The hunt is significant in many tribal cultures and is symbolic of initiation and acceptance into the community. Ovid is welcomed by the old man who â€Å"greets [him] with a handclasp†. This particular use of tactile imagery signifies warmth and invitation; Ovid is being whole-heartedly welcomed into the tribal hunt. However, Ovid does not feel a sense of belonging. Instead, he feels internally conflicted. Continuous repetition of â€Å"I am Roman† interjected in the stream of consciousness conveys his unwillingness to identify himself with the tribe’s people. Exhilarated by the hunt yet reluctant to connect, Ovid conveys how his inability to reconcile with identity proves a significant barrier to belonging. In Skrzynecki’s 10 Mary Street, Skrzynecki shows that by engaging with his surroundings, a better sense of identity may be achieved. The house on 10 Mary Street, Skrzynecki’s childhood home, is a metaphor for his Polish heritage and identity. It is a place where Skrzynecki feels he can explore his Polish identity to gain a better sense of belonging. In the backyard of the house, Skrzynecki â€Å"ravaged the garden, like a hungry bird†. The use of simile highlights an instinctive sense of connection and nurturing he has with the garden; he is free to indulge himself in his surroundings. This engagement leads to him gaining a better sense of belonging. The detailed allusions to Polish cuisine, â€Å"Kielbasa, salt herrings, and rye bread, drank vodka or cherry brandy†, reveals a sense of connection he has with his Polish identity. Gustatory imagery not only creates a sense of warmth and nurturing but serves as a powerful indicator of his adherence to his Polish identity. This indicates that through engagement, he feels a better sense of identity and belonging. However, his sense of belonging only exists inside the microcosm of his home. The use of vivid and violent imagery such as referring to the factory as â€Å"always burning down†, the block being â€Å"gazetted for industry† suggests he does not draw his identity from it, that he does not belong to it. This demonstrates that a lack of engagement with his external surroundings cause him to feel alienated. Likewise, in Malouf’s An Imaginary Life, Ovid’s internal struggle to let go of the past and his prejudices present challenges to attaining a sense of belonging. â€Å"I am dead, I am relegated to the region of silence† Ovid initially states. A deeply introspective character, Ovid constantly reflects his mental state. The use of anaphora â€Å"I am† characterises a degree of self-absorption. It is this unwillingness to engage with the outside world that is responsible for Ovid’s sense of alienation. As the novella progresses, Ovid begins to recognise that he needs to shed these prejudices to achieve a sense of belonging. Ovid summarises that â€Å"(he) had to enter silence to find the password from my own life. † Silence is a motif used throughout the text to signify Tomis and his isolation from his Latin tongue. In contrast â€Å"password†, a word which suggests speech and sound is juxtaposed with â€Å"silence†. This emphasises the need for him to engage with his surroundings in order to be at peace with his identity. This idea is supported by the foil character; the Child, who is an animus for Ovid’s prejudicial attitudes. Interacting with the boy, Ovid â€Å"†¦ find[s] [him]self more and more often slipping back into [his] childhood†. Ovid explains that through his interaction with the wild boy, he learns to let go and free himself from the prejudices. The choice of diction, â€Å"slipping back† has subtly connotes an internal resolution and that his sense of serenity is found within himself. Malouf suggests a sense of belonging can only be achieved through introspection and resolution of internal struggles. Ultimately, belonging is rarely affected by external forces. It is a realisation of one’s identity that is crucial to bring about a sense of belonging. Although Skrzynecki, unlike Malouf’s character Ovid, does not appear to reconcile his fractured identity, both writers illustrate the importance of inner peace in the pursuit to belong.

Authentic Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Authentic Leadership - Essay Example The need for leadership construct evolves the criteria of fulfilling our needs by economic institutions and in order to meet institutional needs, individual is required to endure at least twelve years of formal education. However despite attaining a longer tenure in education, students still lack in determining their goal of life. This might be due to the globalising tendencies that we witness as market economies and are placed in the category of consumer market in which every individual born in the society is a consumer, and every consumer is either agent to the institute or interpretor. An illustration is that of given by Barker (2002) points out that this is one of the reasons why the role of interpreter of the Church has been transformed into roles other than the one use to guide people (2002, p. 68). Such consumer market has affected management and leadership development in economic ideology to the extent where it has been constructed in order to form a social hierarchy which send commands and controls knowledge management to authenticate leadership theories. However, theories alone are not enough to identify the core of the Australian leadership culture in this materialistic epoch, there are some attributes of the workplace that can be placed under the heading of worship. These attributes reveal to us that corporate environment, law firms or even union hierarchies define idealistic leadership in the light of religious attitudes that entail male orientation, physical and emotional strength, and self-reliant behavior (Sinclair, 2005, p. 44-45). One reason for such requirement is the physical contribution and influence of male over female is more task-oriented and dedicated. Corporate practices support these values so as to religious male leaders may work longer hours with minimal leave while representing a sense of self-sacrifice in terms of devoting maximum time for the job. Contemporary administration of Catholic schools

LATE ADULTHOOD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LATE ADULTHOOD - Essay Example However, evidence suggests that married persons tend to be happier in late adulthood than single persons, though those who have never married often cope the best with feelings of loneliness in late life. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) proposed a lifespan theory of development. He described the late adult stage of our life as coming to accept one's whole life and reflecting on that life in a positive manner. He calls this stage of development Integrity versus Despair. According to Erikson, achieving a sense of integrity means fully accepting oneself, one's accomplishments, and coming to terms with mortality. Accepting responsibility for your life and being able to undo the past and achieve satisfaction with self is essential. On the other hand, some may look back at their lives with a sense of doubt or gloom over their life's worth. This results in feelings of despair. For Erikson, successful resolution of this stage results in the virtue wisdom. Overweight can contribute to many an illness. The term overweight is generally used to indicate that a human has more body fat than is considered useful for the optimal functioning of the body. Being overweight is a fairly common condition for many people, especially those in developed nations where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles often do not involve a lot of activities that generate caloric expenditure.

A Critique on Enlightenment philosophy Term Paper

A Critique on Enlightenment philosophy - Term Paper Example In fact the process of enlightenment transforms back into what it tries to separate itself from; the myth. Theodore W. Adorno (1903-1969) was a German philosopher, sociologist and musicologist. He is recognized mostly for his critical theory of society. His work is selected for this paper as the philosopher has published books specifically focusing and critiquing the concept of enlightenment. His notable works include Dialect of Enlightenment (1947) and Negative Dialects (1966). The works of other intellects used to justify the thesis includes names like Jay M. Bernstein. In his book Adorno: Disenchantment and Ethics (2001), he gives a comprehensive view of Adorno’s aesthetics and social theory. His work is used here to understand the Adorno’s critique of enlightenment in depth. Adorno’s critique of enlightenment is not about the European Enlightenment or a specific scientific thinking. It encompasses the generalized idea of enlightenment. This way there are two fields of knowledge (thinking); before enlightenment and after it. The knowledge that existed prior to enlightenment was based on faith, intangible and uncountable aspects like myth and magic. Enlightenment is thus the opposite of mythology; the process of disenchanting and demythologizing. Most of enlightenment theories exist to negate magic and myth. The mythical way in understanding the universe involves unforeseen forces or gods. What cannot be directly comprehended by mind is left to such forces. After all, if humans cannot grasp infinity, it does not mean that it doesn’t exist. Adorno and Horkheimer give extra weightage to transcendent content, which means that what is beyond the immediate thinking (knowledge) MUST be considered. Scientific thinking relies on comprehending everything. Thus there exists an inclination of ruling out what lies beyond the immediate truth. Enlightenment does not encourage imagination for imagination can

The aging problem of China

The aging problem of China Introduction Today, China is a hot item in the media because of its fast growing economy. Some people are even afraid of this because they think it is a threat to our own economy. This because of the differences in the political and economical system of china compared to our political and economical systems. The Peoples Republic of China, also known as China, was established in 1949. Its land covers a large part of centre Asia. In the 1950s, its population was estimated at around 30 percent of the total global population (Naughton, 2007). Because of this huge amount of people, the Chinese government came up with a plan to put a hold to this growing population. They set a law which prohibited each family to have more than one child, the so-called One-Child Policy. The population of China today is relatively young, with a low dependency rate. This is favorable for economic growth (Naughton, 2007). In the future this will lead to an imbalance of the population. This because each working citizen has two elder (parents), this means a working class which is far too small on the total population. Every year, the number of elderly people in China rises with approximately three percent. A way to describe this is calling this a Four-Two-One problem. Which means one child has to take care of two parents and four grand parents (Vandendriessche, 2008). The research question which I will try to answer is the following: How is china going to handle the aging problem of the population? To answer this question, I divided this question into several sub-question, namely: How has this aging problem risen? What are the difficulties which china is facing because of this problem? How do the Chinese old people deal with their longevity financially? Motivation of the subject: The subject of Chinese economy is interesting to me because I have little faith in the current economic system of the western society. I believe this economic system based on debts, is not what we would like in the future. And China is one of the few economies which is growing at the moment, despite the current Financial Crisis. Chinas economy will expand 7.2 percent in 2009 from a year earlier. (Bloomberg.com, 2009) But because many economists say capitalism is the best economic system at the moment, I am surprised to see that China does not apply this system. The reason the subject of the aging of Chinas population is important to the economy, is that will one of the greatest pitfalls in Chinas economic and societies future. A disproportionate ration of the population will retire in the future, therefore a much smaller group of working people will have to keep the society up and running. Is this possible, or are there many problems which China will have to face in the future? And if there will be problems, is China able to prevent or solve them? This is interesting because of the large number of citizens of China. This cannot be compared with any other country in the world, because it will happen on a much larger scale as for instance in the Netherlands. Methodology: First I will try to adumbrate an image of how the situation has developed to the state in which it is at this moment. With this image, certain problems will arise from this. I will try to give a broader view on these problems. These problems, when not solved, will have an impact on the economic environment of China. This I would like to formulate in the third chapter. Finally I am going to investigate whether these, in the future, elder people still have the means to survive on their own, or how the Chinese government is going to assist them with this. This with some kind of pension fund or will the Chinese government terugvallen on the social responsibility of family. With these sub-answers I would like to give an answer to the main question. How China is going to handle the problem of the aging of the population. The data which I need I will get from articles from the Chinese Economic Review, data from the Chinese Bureau of Statistics, Chinese Data Centre and the Chinese Statistical Yearbook. Furthermore I will search for books on the Chinese economy and the history of the Chinese economy and society. Structure The first chapter is about the introduction of the problem and each factor contributing will be explained. In chapter two I am going to give a literature review on five of the interesting papers I have found. Then I will try to find answers to the sub question of my problem statement. These will each cover a chapter. Chapter three: How has this aging problem risen? Chapter four: What are the difficulties which china is facing because of this problem? Chapter five: How do the Chinese old people deal with their longevity financially? After this I will draw a conclusion based on the previous chapters. With this I will try to give an answer to the main question. Chapter 2 Literature Review Population and economic development Gale Johnson tries to answer the question, what would happen to fertility and population growth if the present population policy were changed to one that emphasized family planning and permitted families to have the number of children that they wished? It seems reasonable to project that there would be an increase in fertility. This would be very small in urban areas and relatively small in higher income rural areas. There would be increased fertility in the lower income rural areas, but it seems unlikely that after two decades or so it could be more than ten percent. There is evidence to support the following changes in social and economic policies: Significantly improve the quality of rural secondary schools and increase the percentage of girls attending. Create an attractive pension program for rural areas. Give farm people the ownership or permanent rights to the use of the land they farm or, failing that, enforce the policy of no reallocation of farm land on the basis of demographic changes. Change policies and institutions so that families could migrate from rural to urban areas. Which would lead to adaption of the fertility patterns of urban areas, leading to decline in fertility. I believe the largest impact on the fertility rate, when present policy towards this is changed, will be in the poorer regions of the rural areas. But I do not think all changes give will work. The improvement of educational quality and increasing the percentage of girls will be the one of the most important measures to be taken. This will give an re-allocation of human capital. With this re-allocation, people will get other jobs and therefore a need for many children to work on the farms will decrease. Pension funds are in my opinion essential in order for elderly citizens of China to get by financially. This because the life expectancy rate is increasing. The right of ownership is a viewpoint which will be very sensitive. This because China still has a communistic government. But when pension funds are not one of the future measures which will be taken, this is one of the other options for Chinese citizens to make enough money in order to cope with their longevity financially. Sources of Chinas economic growth 1952-1999: incorporating human capital accumulation Wang and Yao, find that first, the accumulation of human capital in China, as measured by the average years of schooling in population aged 15-64 years, was quite rapid and it contributed significantly to growth and welfare. However, the rate of growth of human capital declined in the reform period in 1978-1999 and its contribution to GDP growth was smaller compared to the pre-reform period. In the industrial countries, the contributions to growth by the factor input have declined and the growth of TFP has become the driving force. In China, the potential to further increase factor inputs is limited especially after one considers the rapidly aging population, a decling labor force in the future, and the constraints in natural resources. China has to rely more on productivity growth. Futher productivity growth would depend very much on two factors: First whether or not China can improve allocative efficiency by continuing reforms in the state and financial sectors and by increasing regional integration, allowing freer factor mobility across sectoral devides, such as rural-urban and state- nonstate, and second whether or not China is able to transform itself from an imitation based economy to an innovation based knowledge economy and continue its progress in industrial upgrading. I agree with Wang and Yao on the fact that productivity has to grow in China. But in order to do this China has to open up more to other countries. Otherwise this would take too long. China is in need for knowledge, this can be seen in the imitation based economy. When China would have the knowledge, they would invent these products themselves. Chinas economic environment has its limitations to grow, this because of their ownership laws. China does not have to change into a Capitalistic society, but I think it does have to loosen up in order to cope with the problems it faces. Pension reform in China: preparing for the future According to Loraine West, a combination of pension plans, including defined benefit and defined contribution, are replacing the former single defined benefit plan. The specifics of each plan, including indexation for inflation, and the combination of plans available to workers vary across regions. By focusing only on the urban labor force, which presently comprises just 27 percent of Chinas total labor force, the reformed old age security system is unlikely to address the issue of growing rural-urban inequality. The proliferation of regional and industry-based pools diminishes the potential benefits of pooling, such as risk sharing, lower administrative costs, and enhanced labor mobility, and also makes it more difficult to achieve the goal of a national level pool. The key objectives of the new pension system is to move away from a pay-as-you-go system to partial funding in preparation of the aging of the population. However, to have a successful pension system in the future, the financing burden has to be shared by employees, employers and the government rather than being borne exclusively by the individual work unit. In the short run, it is critical that regulations and supervision catch up with the new system. In the long term, expansion of coverage and benefit adjustments need to be considered. I agree it will be hard to implement a new old age security system in China. However, I believe it will be key to implement a system which is the same in every part of China. Otherwise the differences between rural and urban areas will only expand, and thus create an even higher burden on the economy than it is at this moment. This will be difficult to fulfill because which groups have to contribute the most. This might even call for a similar system as in the Netherlands, where the government guarantees a minimal pension wage and where the rest is contributed by the companies and working force. How can China solve its old age security problem? The interaction between pension, soe and financial market reform. According to Estelle James, she suggests a plan which sets up individual accounts for each worker, with funds that are productively invested. This is similar to reforms that have been sweeping Latin America, Eastern Europe and are now being considered in the United States. Besides making the system more fiscally sustainable and avoiding peak contribution rates, prefunding can be used to increase saving that is committed for long term investments and pension funds can be used as engines to financial market development and corporate governance. This can be done with two mandatory pillars; one publically managed and tax or pay-as-you-go financed, the other privately managed, with the object of building and managing retirement savings. This to avoid high payroll taxes as the populations age, thereby making the system more sustainable, and to increase national savings that are committed to the long term. However, the part of the economy that is growing most rapidly, in part because it faces low taxes, liabilities and regulations, would suddenly be hit with a heavy legacy of the past. The challenge for China is to find a way to implement a more funded system, that includes decentralized competitive management of the funds, quickly, before coverage increases become a social necessity and makes the transition more difficult. Here I have the same critique as on the previous literature, namely about the rural and urban separation. When the pension system first only reforms the urban part and later expands its coverage towards the rural area, the cost will only increase more and more. But it will be complicated to implement a new system immediately for the entire country, this because it will give a huge burden on the current working class. Chapter 3: The history of China. The year 1949 can be viewed as the First major divide in Chinese history. Before this year, no rapid growth ever occurred in Chinese economy. This was completely different after 1949, when rapid growth was considerably normal. The government is also drastically different after 1949. In 1950 a new law was introduced which stated that: Parents have the duty to raise their children well and the children in their turn have the duty to support their parents. This was a good way for the Chinese government at that time, to not be directly responsible for the attendance of the elder citizens. This was an indication of the change from a harmonious civilization towards a more individualistic civilization. During the fifties, a five-guarantee program had launched for the rural areas. This program mend support from the government for elder who had no offspring or other people who took care of them in the form of food, clothing, shelter, medical care and a funeral. (Naughton, 2007) in 1951, the Chinese government came up with the act Labour Insurance Regulations of the Peoples Republic of China. These first pension regulations where only for citizens working at state enterprises. This mend that all employees of such enterprise have to give three percent of their salary to a mutual fund within this company, and when they reached the age of sixty and they had worked for more than twenty years they would receive a pension. (Frazier, 2004) This reality, this resulted in a relatively low percentage of people who received a pension, because until 1971 nobody could reach this twenty years of work experience. At the end of the seventies, two major new regulations were introduced. First in 1978 where China opened their borders a tiny bit for foreign companies to do business with Chinese companies, but still under heavy oversight by the Chinese government. This also led towards a higher independency of the state enterprises. These where allowed to keep their profit. But also the responsibility of pensions was now entirely for these companies. It was now also allowed for Chinese citizens to start up their own company. (KNAG, 2007) However, these new private owned companies were not able to give the same pension security as these former state enterprises. Therefore the Chinese government came up with a new experiment of pension funding in 1982. They tried to create pension funds not just per company, but pension funds for an entire city to create a higher safety net. These funds were filled by employees working in this city on a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) basis. This means the pensions which are cu rrently paid, are funded by the taxes and contributions from the working people at the same moment. That means there are no assets being set aside. The rural area did not benefit from all these regulations. Because of this new kind of economy, the rural areas decentralized. This took a lot of security away for the elder in these areas, because they were still dependant on the help of family. The second regulation introduced in the late seventies was the One-Child Policy. This because the government of China began to see the great threat of the exponentially growing population. This phenomena I will explain in the next chapter. In the years 1991 and 1995 the government tried to reform the current PAYG system by creating a multi pillar system. (Vandendriessche, 2008) This system contained three pillars which all contributed to one overall pension fund. The first pillar was the basic pension for every employee of a company funded by the state. The second pillar was a individual fund which was filled during the years of work of each person. Frazier calls this Defined Contribution. The third pillar is optional, and is an additional payment made to the pension fund to increase the pension received later in the employees lives. But even with this new reformed pension funding, it is far from ideal. Chapter 4: How has this aging problem risen? Aging of population (also known as demographic aging, and population aging) is a summary term for shifts in the age distribution of a population toward older ages. Which is a direct consequence of the ongoing global fertility transition (decline) and of mortality decline at older ages. (Gavrilov and Heuveline,2003) These two factors can both be seen in the statistical yearbook of China. (Appendix 1) One of the factors, the mortality rate decline at older ages (See Appendix 1F), can be explained mainly by a better health care; more knowledge of the human body and better medicine (especially anti biotic). The New Rural Co-operative Medical Care System (NRCMCS) is an new project set up in the year two-thousand-five to improve the health care sector in China, especially to make it affordable for the rural area. (China daily, 2005) This NRCMCS covers around eighty percent of the total cost of the hospitals. Under the new policy, the central government, local governments, and individual farmers each invest 10 yuan (US$1.23) per year to establish a medical insurance account. The money accumulated is then used to fund hospital treatment. (China daily, 2005) Thought this initiative, many Chinese citizens are now covered for their medical insurance. Around eighty percent of all Chinese citizens living in the rural areas have signed up, which are approximately 685 million people. The second factor, the fertility rate is harder to explain. Deliberately decreasing the fertility rate has been an issue of the Chinese government since 1971. In 1970, the total fertility rate was 5.8. At the time of 1978, the fertility rate has decreased with fifty percent to 2.7. This due to the policy known as wan-xi-shao, meaning later marriages, longer spacing between children, and fewer children in total. Through 1979 the probability of a couple having a second child, given that they had already given birth to a first child, was 95 percent (Feeney and Yu, 1987). Chinas leaders where still worried because chinas baby-boomers where now reaching marriage age. These baby boomers where born in the years before this wan-xi-shao policy because of the Great Leap Forward. Chinas leaders thought these group of people would have to many children and this would outgrow the population carrying capacity. The One-Child policy was established as a law in 1980 by the former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. He implemented this law to limit the birth rate of China. This policy was instantly controversial because of it was strictly enhanced in the first years. There was for example a policy for mandatory insertion of intrauterine devices for women with one child and sterilization for couples with two or more children. At 1984, resistance (both nationally and internationally) has risen to a crucial level. The Chinese government relinquished these strict policies and the overall law loosened up. This mend for example that regional governments, especially in rural areas, a policy which allowed couples to have a second child when their first child was a girl. In more urban areas the One-Child Policy was maintained more strictly. But not only due to the one-child policy fertility rates has gone down. There are significant similarities between China and other surrounding Asian countries in their fertility rates. (See Appendix 1E) However, this has not the same reason is these countries. In some countries, notably Japan and Korea, the low birth rate may be partly attributable to rising job opportunities and earning power for women. But that is not the case in Taiwan, Singapore or Hong Kong, where women have excellent work opportunities and access to low-paid domestic help from Southeast Asia. There is a reluctance to marry, particularly among the better educated women, as well as a preference for few, if any, children. (Bowring, 2007) But because the Great Leap Forward in China, their fertility rate has risen in the years between 1955 and 1970. This in contrast with the other Asian countries shown in this graph (See Appendix 1E). Chapter 5: What are the difficulties which china is facing because of this problem? The most obvious problem China will face is the increasing group of elder people. According to Estelle James, In 1990 only nine percent of Chinas population was over the age of 65, bu by 2030 this proportion will more than double, to twenty-two percent. This means that more than a quarter of the elder people of the entire world will live in China by 2030. As you can see in Appendix the dependency ratio of elderly people in rural areas will be approximately 0.34 in 2030, and 0.18 in urban areas. Zeng et al. (2008) suggest that, if urbanization reaches 75%, the dependency ratio is likely to continue to rise rapidly in rural areas and may exceed 0.6 by 2050, versus just over 0.3 in urban areas. With such a high dependency ratio, a high contribution rate is required from working people to cover the current bill. The second problem is the gender imbalance in China. There is a huge surplus of men. At this moment there is are thirty-two million more Chinese boys than girls under the age of twenty. (NYTimes, 2009) These surplus of boys are known in China as guang guan. Together with the fact that not everyone will marry or have a child when the sex-ratio is normal, there will be a lot of elderly in the future who do not have children to support them and must rely on some sort of pension. Lin Jiang believes there will be almost four million elderly citizens in the rural area by 2030 who do not have a single child. The third problem is that the growth of the working age population will drop off quickly and reach zero growth after 2015. (see appendix) He calculated this because of The persistence of fertility and mortality rates combines with the existing structure of the population to produce predictable patterns of change of the labor force. Also According to Naughton, The labor market is just now absorbing the last huge birth cohort (the baby boom echo born in the late 1980s) The GDP rate per capita (appendix 2) is still increasing. However the rate of increasing is declining in the last two years. This in accordance with the future growth/ decline of the working age population a conclusion can be drawn that the growth of GDP rate per capita will also decline, not taken into account the growth of the economy. Therefore it is important to stimulate this growth of economy. This has to be reacted on in order to stop the rising burden on the currently employed after 2015, because of the change in population structure. Chapter 6: How do the Chinese old people deal with their longevity financially? It is difficult to ascertain exactly how other countries have financed the transition because of the fungibility of money and the ambiguity of the counterfactual. Most reforming countries in Latin America and Eastern Europe have utilized parametric changes that downsized bloated benefit obligations, to reduce the IPD and the financing gap. Beyond that, the following revenue sources appear to be common: Keeping part of the system PAYG, so contributions continue flowing into the PAYG pillaras in Poland, Hungary, Uruguay and Sweden; Raising revenues from contributions by increasing the payroll tax or the compliance rate-an add-on was used in OECD countries and most other countries are trying to decrease evasion; Using other special revenue sources such as a lottery or a value added tax (Argentina); Using general revenues or social security surpluses that are available at the municipal, provincial or state level (Chile); Applying proceeds from the sale of SOE assets to cover pension liabilities (assetdebt swaps)-SOE and pension reform were linked in Peru, Bolivia and Poland; Borrowing in the short run and repaying with the surplus that the system would run in the longer run, as the individual accounts take on a greater portion of the total pension responsibility (most countries have used this method to smooth the burden of transition costs over many cohorts). Most of these methods would be appropriate for China. China is now using proceeds from a national lottery, a tax on interest income and, as already discussed, direct allocations from the MOF. We concentrate here on a source that has just been tapped proceeds from the sale of state assets-and another source that is essential but has yet to be seriously addressedbenefit reduction. These two sources, between them, could cover much of the transition costs. References: Homan, T. R. (2009, June 18). World Bank Raises China 2009 Growth Forecast to 7.2%. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087sid=aoNG311GdSSk Naughton, B. (2007). The Chinese Economy: Transitions and growth. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England Vandendriessche, A. (2008) Hoe worden ouderen verzorgd in China? The Netherlands Frazier, M.W., After Pension Reform: Navigating the Third Rail in China, Studies in Comparative International Development 39:2 (2004), p. 48. 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